Breaking any log type with an axe will cause connected logs to be destroyed, creating a "tree feller" effect. Each block destroyed uses one durability on the axe, regardless of the unbreaking enchantment.
Destroying any of the following blocks will trigger the effect and destroy all connected logs:
Oak Log
Spruce Log
Birch Log
Jungle Log
Acacia Log
Dark Oak Log
Crimson Hyphae
Warped Hyphae
Additionally, Wart Blocks and Shroomlights connected to logs are broken.
Technical Details
The connected logs are broken in a width-first manner and the process can be terminated either
naturally: When the algorithm runs out of connected log blocks, or
forcefully: When either 256 log blocks have been destroyed, or 32 recursion layers have been exceeded.